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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="other" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Humanitarian Military Journal</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Humanitarian Military Journal</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Гуманитарный военный журнал</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="electronic">3034-7246</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">689253</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17816/hmj689253</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">EBBGPL</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Historical papers</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Исторические статьи</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Miscellaneous</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Historical analysis of medical service development in the Workers and Peasants Red Army (1918–1924)</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Исторический анализ процесса становления медицинской службы в Рабоче-крестьянской Красной армии (1918–1924)</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0007-1985-6326</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Nazarov</surname><given-names>Alexander G.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Назаров</surname><given-names>Александр Георгиевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>pk.a.g.nazarov@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0009-8483-0223</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kutkin</surname><given-names>Pavel I.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кутькин</surname><given-names>Павел Игоревич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>pavelkytkin228@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0003-0970-7635</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">7099-3413</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Dukul</surname><given-names>Antonii V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Дукуль</surname><given-names>Антоний Владиславович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>antoniy.dukul@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0006-2674-7286</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">1124-0939</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Shcherbinin</surname><given-names>Vasilii V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Щербинин</surname><given-names>Василий Владимирович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>thisisnotvasyan@ya.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0005-6452-7447</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">9328-8056</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Bogza</surname><given-names>Kirill A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Богза</surname><given-names>Кирилл Анатольевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Military sciences), Associate Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. воен. наук, доцент</p></bio><email>bogza2005@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Kirov Military Medical Academy</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Военно-медицинская академия им. С.М. Кирова</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="kk"></institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="pt"></institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh"></institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Kirov Military Medical Academy</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Военно-медицинская академия им. С.М. Кирова</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2025-12-30" publication-format="electronic"><day>30</day><month>12</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>1</volume><issue>4</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>289</fpage><lpage>294</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-08-14"><day>14</day><month>08</month><year>2025</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2025-11-17"><day>17</day><month>11</month><year>2025</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2025, Eco-Vector</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2025, Эко-Вектор</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Эко-Вектор</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://manmiljournal.ru/hmj/article/view/689253">https://manmiljournal.ru/hmj/article/view/689253</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The medical service of the Workers and Peasants Red Army (1918–1924) developed in the context of a severe shortage of personnel, epidemics, and the structural chaos during the Civil War (1917–1922). The collapse of the Russian Empire in 1917 led to a significant deterioration in the army’s medical care system. The analysis of materials from the Russian State Military Archives, laws of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, and departmental reports showed that the key achievements were the creation of a vertical chain of command (Central Military Medical Department, 1918), introduction of universal military medical service (1919), standardization of staged evacuation system proposed by Burdenko, and suppression of typhus epidemics. The reforms of Solovyov and Semashko allowed to reduce overall mortality in the troops by 25% and typhus mortality by 40% by 1924, to create a network of 37 colleges for mid-level medical personnel, and to lay the foundation for the Soviet military medical doctrine. The study identified key organizational strategies aimed at overcoming the healthcare crisis that emerged at the beginning of the Civil War. We conducted a comprehensive effectiveness assessment of the measures taken and their importance for addressing the military medical care issues in the first half of the 20th century.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Становление медицинской службы Рабоче-крестьянской Красной армии (1918–1924) проходило в условиях острейшего кадрового дефицита, эпидемий и организационного хаоса Гражданской войны (1917–1922). Крах Российской империи в 1917 г. привел к существенному ухудшению системы медицинского обеспечения в армии. На основе анализа материалов Российского государственного военного архива, законодательных актов Российской Советской Федеративной Социалистической Республики (РСФСР) и ведомственных отчетов показано, что ключевыми достижениями стали: создание вертикали управления (Центральное военно-санитарное управление, 1918), введение всеобщей военно-медицинской повинности (1919), унификация этапной эвакуации по системе Н.Н. Бурденко и подавление эпидемий тифа. Реформы З.П. Соловьева и Н.А. Семашко позволили к 1924 г. сократить общую смертность в войсках на 25%, а от тифа — на 40%, создать сеть из 37 учебных заведений для среднего медицинского персонала и заложить основы советской военно-медицинской доктрины. В рамках исследования были определены ключевые организационные стратегии, направленные на преодоление медико-санитарного кризиса, проявившегося в начале Гражданской войны. Проведена комплексная оценка эффективности принятых мер и их значимости в рамках решения возникших проблем медицинского обеспечения военнослужащих в первой половине ХХ в.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>history of military medicine</kwd><kwd>Civil War</kwd><kwd>military medical department</kwd><kwd>epidemics</kwd><kwd>military doctors</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>история военной медицины</kwd><kwd>Гражданская война</kwd><kwd>военно-санитарное управление</kwd><kwd>эпидемии</kwd><kwd>военные врачи</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Shaposhnikov GN, Zapariy VV. Army medicine during the First World War. Health Care of the Russian Federation. 2021;65(2):172–178. doi: 10.47470/0044-197X-2021-65-2-172-178 EDN: QBJTCZ</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><mixed-citation>proza.ru [Internet]. Slesarchuk A. 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