<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE root>
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="review-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Humanitarian Military Journal</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Humanitarian Military Journal</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Гуманитарный военный журнал</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="electronic">3034-7246</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">702051</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17816/hmj702051</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">THOBRR</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Rehabilitation Medicine and Adapted Physical Activity</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Восстановительная медицина и адаптивная физическая культура</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Review Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Functional performance assessment of military personnel with lower limb amputations</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Оценка функциональной работоспособности военнослужащих с ампутациями нижних конечностей</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0003-3767-6012</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">4548-9446</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Obraztsov</surname><given-names>Mikhail S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Образцов</surname><given-names>Михаил Сергеевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Pedagogy)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. пед. наук</p></bio><email>mikhailvifk@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0003-5615-8835</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">4685-1472</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Islamov</surname><given-names>Vladimir A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Исламов</surname><given-names>Владимир Александрович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Dr. Sci. (Pedagogy), Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р пед. наук, профессор</p></bio><email>isvdv@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">4403-3755</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Sigunov</surname><given-names>Aleksandr A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Сигунов</surname><given-names>Александр Александрович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Military)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. воен. наук</p></bio><email>sigunov-vmi@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Karelin</surname><given-names>Aleksey M.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Карелин</surname><given-names>Алексей Михайлович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>karchel@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Kirov Military Medical Academy</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Военно-медицинская академия им. С.М. Кирова</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh">S.M.基洛夫军事医学院</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Kirov Military Medical Academy</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Военно-медицинская академия им. С.М. Кирова</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff3"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Saint Petersburg Military Commissariat</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Военный комиссариат г. Санкт-Петербурга</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2026-04-15" publication-format="electronic"><day>15</day><month>04</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>2</volume><issue>1</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>67</fpage><lpage>78</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2026-02-02"><day>02</day><month>02</month><year>2026</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2026-02-03"><day>03</day><month>02</month><year>2026</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2026, Eco-Vector</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2026, Эко-Вектор</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Эко-Вектор</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://manmiljournal.ru/hmj/article/view/702051">https://manmiljournal.ru/hmj/article/view/702051</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The increasing number of military personnel with lower limb amputations caused by battle or other injuries increases the need for a fair and comparable assessment of their functional performance in the context of medical rehabilitation and physical training system. However, the existing physical fitness monitoring practices often shift towards strength exercises; whereas the use of endurance assessment as a key integral cardiorespiratory health and overall performance indicator is limited. The review generalizes contemporary approaches to endurance assessment of individuals with amputations, with an emphasis on its applicability to professional military missions, and proposes methods for comparing tests with regulations based on the level of amputation. Research and analysis allowed us to classify the functional performance indicators and criteria (including the heart rate response and recovery after exercise, tolerance of submaximal load). The study discusses a possible adaptation of tests (6-minute walk test) and clinical examinations (bicycle ergometer exercise, arm and combined ergometer exercise, and swimming) to different types of amputations. It has been shown that the level of amputation determines the movement energy requirements and the cardiovascular response, requiring a differentiated selection of tests and accurate interpretation. We propose practice-oriented grounds for the introduction of alternative endurance tests and the development of an adapted assessment scale providing for more fair functional performance monitoring and manageable training for military personnel with prosthetic devices.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Рост числа военнослужащих с ампутациями нижних конечностей вследствие боевых и иных травм усиливает потребность в объективной и сопоставимой оценке их функциональной работоспособности в контексте медицинской реабилитации и системы физической подготовки. При этом существующая практика контроля физической подготовленности часто смещается в сторону силовых упражнений, тогда как оценка выносливости как ключевого интегрального показателя состояния кардиореспираторной системы и общей работоспособности применяется ограниченно. Новизна обзора заключается в обобщении современных подходов к оценке выносливости у лиц с ампутациями с акцентом на применимость результатов для военно-профессиональных задач и в предложении принципов сопоставления результатов тестирования с нормативными требованиями с учётом уровня ампутации. В ходе поисково-аналитической работы систематизированы показатели и критерии функциональной работоспособности (в том числе реакция частоты сердечных сокращений и восстановление после нагрузки, переносимость субмаксимальной работы), рассмотрены возможности адаптации тестов (6-минутный тест ходьбы) и лабораторных/инструментальных методик (велоэргометрия, ручная и комбинированная эргометрия, плавание) для разных категорий ампутаций. Показано, что уровень ампутации определяет энергозатраты движений и характер кардиоваскулярной реакции, что требует дифференцированного подбора тестов и корректной интерпретации результатов. Сформулированы практико-ориентированные основания для внедрения альтернативных тестов выносливости и разработки адаптированной шкалы оценки, повышающей объективность контроля функционального состояния и управляемость тренировочного процесса у военнослужащих с протезами.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>military personnel</kwd><kwd>amputations</kwd><kwd>functional performance</kwd><kwd>endurance</kwd><kwd>physical training</kwd><kwd>bicycle ergometer exercise</kwd><kwd>arm ergometer exercise</kwd><kwd>rehabilitation</kwd><kwd>review</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>военнослужащие</kwd><kwd>ампутации</kwd><kwd>функциональная работоспособность</kwd><kwd>выносливость</kwd><kwd>физическая подготовка</kwd><kwd>велоэргометрия</kwd><kwd>ручная эргометрия</kwd><kwd>реабилитация</kwd><kwd>обзор</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Rybachenkova VA. Current issues of rehabilitation after limb amputation (literature review). Science Bulletin. 2025;3(5(86)):1946–1956. EDN: NRNYYO</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><mixed-citation>Kryukov EV, Volodarskaya AA, Dolgikh SV, et al. Medical rehabilitation of combatants with post-traumatic stress disorder: a guide for physicians. Moscow: GEOTAR-Media; 2025. 304 p. (In Russ.) ISBN: 978-5-9704-8920-8 doi: 10.33029/9704-8920-8-MRC-2025-1-304</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B3"><label>3.</label><mixed-citation>Obraztsov MS, Islamov VA, Savchenko OA. Influence of master classes in adaptive physical culture and sport on the physical and psychological well-being of military personnel during rehabilitation. Physical Culture and Health. 2024;(1(89)):391–396. doi: 10.47438/1999-3455_2024_1_391 EDN: BQPATI</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B4"><label>4.</label><mixed-citation>Obraztsov MS. Adaptive physical training for military personnel with disabilities: analysis, issues, and solutions. Scientific Notes of P.F. Lesgaft University. 2025;(3(241)):269–275. doi: 10.5930/1994-4683-2025-3-269-275 EDN: MMLXQC</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B5"><label>5.</label><mixed-citation>Shalygin LD, Abuseva GR, Adkhamov BM, et al. Therapeutic and adaptive physical culture in medical rehabilitation of the wounded, affected, ill, and persons with disabilities. Saint Petersburg: Naukoemkie Tekhnologii Publishing; 2025. 312 p. (In Russ.) ISBN: 978-5-907946-99-6 EDN: JBJUDJ</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B6"><label>6.</label><mixed-citation>Fedulova MS. The influence of physical culture on human physical and mental health. My Professional Career. 2024;1(67):322–327. EDN: HDEIYY</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B7"><label>7.</label><mixed-citation>Gorodnichenko EA, Korotkova GV. Physical capability as one of the indicators of the organism's functional state. Vestnik of Smolensk State Medical Academy. 2010;9(3):34–38. EDN: OJDNJV</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B8"><label>8.</label><mixed-citation>Shchelkova OYu, Yakovleva MV, Usmanova EB, et al. Psychological status and quality of life of patients after lower limb amputation: results of a pilot study. Psychology. Psychophysiology. 2022;15(2):73–91. doi: 10.14529/jpps220207 EDN: IDXOXH</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B9"><label>9.</label><mixed-citation>Bragaru M, Dekker R, Geertzen JH, Dijkstra PU. Amputees and sports. Sports Med. 2011;41(9):721–740. doi: 10.2165/11590420-000000000-00000 EDN: UHHMIR</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B10"><label>10.</label><mixed-citation>Biktimirova AA, Rylova NV, Samoilov AS. Application of cardiopulmonary exercise testing in sports medicine. Practical Medicine. 2014;(3(79)):50–53. EDN: SKAWWH</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B11"><label>11.</label><mixed-citation>Younesian H, Ouellet R, Legrand T, Turcot K. Six-Minute Walk Test in individuals with unilateral lower limb amputations. Foot Ankle Orthop. 2021;6(4). doi: 10.1177/24730114211050366 EDN: KRSRRG</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B12"><label>12.</label><mixed-citation>Obraztsov MS. Biomechanics of movement in persons with amputations in designing the training process. Izvestiya Tula State University. Physical Culture. Sport. 2025;(10):25–37. doi: 10.24412/2305-8404-2025-10-25-37 EDN: EUYCQJ</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B13"><label>13.</label><mixed-citation>Bolotov DD, Rusakevich AP, Starikov SM. Assessment of exercise tolerance in patients with amputation defects of the lower limbs. Bulletin of Restorative Medicine. 2019;(2(90)):29–34. EDN: IFYJPS</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B14"><label>14.</label><mixed-citation>McDonald CL, Kramer PA, Morgan SJ, et al. Energy expenditure in people with transtibial amputation walking with crossover and energy-storing prosthetic feet: a randomized within-subject study. Gait Posture. 2018;62:349–354. doi: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2018.03.040</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B15"><label>15.</label><mixed-citation>Gerasimenko AS, Mukhin VN. Circulatory response to the graduated cycle ergometer exercise with people having amputation of the lower limbs. Innovations in Science. 2014;(30-2):82–91. EDN: MNJVFT</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B16"><label>16.</label><mixed-citation>Myers M, Chauvin BJ. Above-the-Knee Amputations. [updated 2023 Jun 12]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2025. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31335070/</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B17"><label>17.</label><mixed-citation>Hoffman MD, Sheldahl LM, Buley KJ, Sandford PR. Physiological comparison of walking among bilateral above-knee amputee and able-bodied subjects, and a model to account for the differences in metabolic cost. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1997;78(4):385–392. doi: 10.1016/S0003-9993(97)90230-6</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B18"><label>18.</label><mixed-citation>Bostom AG, Bates E, Mazzarella N, et al. Ergometer modification for combined arm-leg use by lower extremity amputees in cardiovascular testing and training. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1987;68(4):244–247. doi: 10.1016/S0003-9993(86)80067-1</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B19"><label>19.</label><mixed-citation>Heidorn CE, Elmer SJ, Wehmanen KW, et al. Single-leg cycling to maintain and improve function in healthy and clinical populations. Front Physiol. 2023;14:1105772. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1105772</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B20"><label>20.</label><mixed-citation>Simmelink EK, Wempe JB, Geertzen JHB, et al. Feasibility, safety, and reliability of exercise testing using the combined arm-leg (Cruiser) ergometer in subjects with a lower limb amputation. PLoS One. 2018;13(8):e0202264. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0202264</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B21"><label>21.</label><mixed-citation>Kropotov SP, Kabanov MV, Mordovin IS, et al. Protocols for cardiopulmonany exercise testing. Biotechnosfera. 2014;(1-2(31-32)):12–17. EDN: TYCGHB</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B22"><label>22.</label><mixed-citation>Shayakhmetov NN, Ardeev RG, Ardeeva EV. Low-power physical activity influence on cardiovasicular system. Vestnik Bashkir University. 2012;17(1):97–100. EDN: OXTLRP</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B23"><label>23.</label><mixed-citation>Bar-Or O, Zwiren LD. Maximal oxygen consumption test during arm exercise: reliability and validity. J Appl Physiol. 1975;38(3):424–426. doi: 10.1152/jappl.1975.38.3.424</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B24"><label>24.</label><mixed-citation>Volkov VV, Tambovtseva RV. Influence of load rate on maximum oxygen consumption during upper-body testing: a systematic review. Modern Issues of Biomedicine. 2024;8(1(26)). doi: 10.51871/2588-0500_2024_08_01_4 EDN: DTKIWC</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B25"><label>25.</label><mixed-citation>Makhmutova RR, Bordukova LA, Strokin AA, et al. Sports training of elite swimmers with spinal cord injuries. Theory and Practice of Physical Culture. 2014;(4):5–7. EDN: QFNVMX</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B26"><label>26.</label><mixed-citation>Petrunina SV, Pashin AA, Dvoryaninova EV. Main directions of motor rehabilitation in the aquatic environment with people after amputation. International Research Journal. 2014;(7-2(26)):62–63. EDN: SJJEGX</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B27"><label>27.</label><mixed-citation>Zhang Yu, Vasyuk VE. Experimental approbation of the methodology of using a special training simulator with feedback in training novice cross-country skiers. World of Sport. 2023;(3(92)):71–77. EDN: TYNJNA</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B28"><label>28.</label><mixed-citation>Evseev SP, Kurdybailo SF. Classification of technical aids for performing motor actions in the sitting position. Adaptive Physical Culture. 2007;(3(31)):3–6. EDN: IBGHUR</mixed-citation></ref></ref-list></back></article>
