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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="review-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Humanitarian Military Journal</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Humanitarian Military Journal</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Гуманитарный военный журнал</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="electronic">3034-7246</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">707426</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17816/hmj707426</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">ZCADJV</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Rehabilitation Medicine and Adapted Physical Activity</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Восстановительная медицина и адаптивная физическая культура</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Review Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Types of limb prosthetics and activity levels in patients with limb amputations</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Виды протезирования конечностей и уровни двигательной активности пациентов с ампутациями конечностей</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0002-5242-0712</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">6046-0534</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Maximov</surname><given-names>Vitaly N.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Максимов</surname><given-names>Виталий Николаевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>zhurkin2027@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">7790-7350</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Zhurkin</surname><given-names>Rodion V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Журкин</surname><given-names>Родион Викторович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>Zhurkin2004@list.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0001-0080-1372</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">1496-9070</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Rudikov</surname><given-names>Sergey V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Рудиков</surname><given-names>Сергей Викторович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>rudsergeyspb@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Mikhailovskaya Military Artillery Academy</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Михайловская военная артиллерийская академия</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Kirov Military Medical Academy</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Военно-медицинская академия им. С.М. Кирова</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2026-07-25" publication-format="electronic"><day>25</day><month>07</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>2</volume><issue>2</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>155</fpage><lpage>160</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2026-05-14"><day>14</day><month>05</month><year>2026</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2026-06-11"><day>11</day><month>06</month><year>2026</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2026, Eco-Vector</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2026, Эко-Вектор</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Эко-Вектор</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://manmiljournal.ru/hmj/article/view/707426">https://manmiljournal.ru/hmj/article/view/707426</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Modern armed conflicts are leading to an increase in the number of service members with limb amputations, necessitating new approaches to rehabilitation and prosthetics. The choice of prosthesis type is based on motor activity criteria. Selecting the prosthesis type according to objective motor activity criteria is a key factor in successful patient reintegration. This review examines current approaches to limb prosthetics in service members with amputations through a comprehensive analysis of the relationship between the amputation level and the physical activity coefficient (K-level). A retrospective analysis of scientific studies on combat-related limb amputations was performed. The search was conducted in the PubMed database. The search period was 24 years (2000–2024). The search strategy included the keywords <italic>combat amputation</italic>, <italic>traumatic amputation</italic>, <italic>K-level amputation</italic>, and <italic>prosthetic rehabilitation</italic>. Inclusion criteria were studies with quantitative data on amputation level distribution, publications assessing functional outcomes (including K-levels), and studies describing rehabilitation outcomes in service members. According to an analysis of 1705 U.S. service members with amputations (2001–2017), transtibial amputations predominated among lower limb amputations (65.4%), transfemoral amputations comprised 26.5%. Among upper limb amputations, finger amputations predominated (59.6%), transradial comprised 23.2%. The METALS study (<italic>n</italic> = 161) showed that only 24.4% of patients after transfemoral amputation achieved K4 level, compared with 73.6% for limb salvage. Long-term outcomes (12.2 years of follow-up) showed that amputees were significantly more likely to use mobility devices (38.9% vs 6.3%, <italic>p</italic> &lt; 0.01). The prosthetic strategy should be based on objective K-level assessment. Transtibial amputations offer the greatest rehabilitation potential. Transfemoral amputations and bilateral injuries require high-tech prosthetic systems and individualized rehabilitation programs. The military context calls for specialized prosthetic rehabilitation protocols.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Современные вооружённые конфликты обусловливают рост числа военнослужащих с ампутациями конечностей, что требует разработки новых подходов к реабилитации и протезированию. В основе выбора типа протезирования лежат критерии двигательной активности. Выбор типа протеза на основе объективных критериев двигательной активности является ключевым фактором успешной интеграции пострадавших. В обзоре на основе комплексного анализа взаимосвязи уровня ампутации и коэффициента физической активности (К-уровня) рассмотрены существующие подходы к протезированию конечностей у военнослужащих с ампутациями. Проведён ретроспективный анализ научных публикаций по проблеме ампутаций конечностей, полученных в ходе боевых действий. Поиск литературы осуществлялся в базе данных PubMed (MEDLINE). Глубина поиска составила 24 года (2000–2024). Стратегия поиска включала ключевые слова: combat amputation, traumatic amputation, K-level amputation, prosthetic rehabilitation. Критерии включения: исследования с количественными данными о распределении ампутаций по уровням; публикации с оценкой функциональных исходов (включая К-уровни); работы, описывающие результаты реабилитации военнослужащих. По данным анализа 1705 военнослужащих США с ампутациями (2001–2017), среди ампутаций нижних конечностей преобладают транстибиальные — 65,4%, трансфеморальные — 26,5%. Среди верхних конечностей доминируют ампутации пальцев — 59,6%, трансрадиальные — 23,2%. Исследование METALS (<italic>n</italic>=161) показало, что только 24,4% пациентов после трансфеморальной ампутации достигают уровня К4, тогда как при сохранении конечности — 73,6%. Долгосрочные исходы (12,2 года наблюдений) демонстрируют: пациенты с ампутациями достоверно чаще используют мобильные устройства для передвижения (38,9% против 6,3%, <italic>p</italic> &lt; 0,01). Выбор тактики протезирования должен основываться на объективной оценке К-уровня. Транстибиальные ампутации обеспечивают наиболее высокий реабилитационный потенциал. Трансфеморальные ампутации и двусторонние поражения требуют применения высокотехнологичных протезных систем и индивидуализированных программ реабилитации. Военная специфика диктует необходимость разработки специализированных протоколов протезирования.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>limb prosthetics</kwd><kwd>prosthesis classification</kwd><kwd>physical activity</kwd><kwd>K-level</kwd><kwd>combat amputations</kwd><kwd>service members</kwd><kwd>rehabilitation</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>протезирование конечностей</kwd><kwd>классификация протезов</kwd><kwd>физическая активность</kwd><kwd>К-уровень</kwd><kwd>боевые ампутации</kwd><kwd>военнослужащие</kwd><kwd>реабилитация</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Farrokhi S, Perez K, Eskridge S, Clouser M. Major deployment-related amputations of lower and upper limbs, active and reserve components, U.S. Armed Forces, 2001–2017. Med Surveill Mon Rep. 2021;28(7):10–18.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><mixed-citation>Krueger CA, Wenke JC, Ficke JR. 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