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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Humanitarian Military Journal</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Humanitarian Military Journal</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Гуманитарный военный журнал</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="electronic">3034-7246</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">707491</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17816/hmj707491</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">ENGDRA</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Rehabilitation Medicine and Adapted Physical Activity</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Восстановительная медицина и адаптивная физическая культура</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Application of virtual and augmented reality technologies in neurorehabilitation of military personnel with traumatic brain injury sequelae</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Применение технологий виртуальной и дополненной реальности в нейрореабилитации военнослужащих с последствиями черепно-мозговых травм</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6773-9713</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">6002-2766</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kovlen</surname><given-names>Denis V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ковлен</surname><given-names>Денис Викторович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Medicine), Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р мед. наук, профессор</p></bio><email>denis.kovlen@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6503-8112</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">8048-1876</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Dmitriev</surname><given-names>Grigorii G.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Дмитриев</surname><given-names>Григорий Геннадьевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Medicine), Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р. пед. наук, профессор</p></bio><email>vifk-nic@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5236-8419</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">9042-3320</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Yusupov</surname><given-names>Vladislav V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Юсупов</surname><given-names>Владислав Викторович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Medicine), Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р мед. наук, профессор</p></bio><email>vmeda-nio@mil.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Kirov Military Medical Academy</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Военно-медицинская академия им. С.М. Кирова</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Research Institute of the Federal Penitentiary Service of Russia</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Научно-исследовательский институт Федеральной службы исполнения наказаний России</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2026-07-25" publication-format="electronic"><day>25</day><month>07</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>2</volume><issue>2</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>141</fpage><lpage>146</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2026-05-16"><day>16</day><month>05</month><year>2026</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2026-06-08"><day>08</day><month>06</month><year>2026</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2026, Eco-Vector</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2026, Эко-Вектор</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Эко-Вектор</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://manmiljournal.ru/hmj/article/view/707491">https://manmiljournal.ru/hmj/article/view/707491</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold>BACKGROUND:<italic> </italic></bold>The relevance of this study stems from the growing number of military personnel with mine-blast and shrapnel-induced traumatic brain injuries (TBI) . The consequences of such injuries include a complex of cognitive, motor, and psychoemotional impairments, and traditional treatment is complicated by rapid attention fatigue and low ecological validity of office-based training. This article presents a clinical and instrumental study of the efficacy of integrating virtual (VR) and augmented (AR) reality technologies into combatant rehabilitation. A specialized VR scenario system adapted to patients' cognitive profiles was developed and clinically tested. A key feature of the system is an algorithm for dynamic adjustment of environment complexity based on continuous biometric monitoring.</p> <p><bold>AIM:<italic> </italic></bold>To evaluate the clinical and neurobiological efficacy of adaptive VR/AR technologies in restoring cognitive and locomotor functions in military personnel with TBI sequelae.</p> <p><bold>METHODS:<italic> </italic></bold>A 6-week neurorehabilitation course was tested in a single-blind, randomized, controlled trial (<italic>n </italic>= 86). The primary endpoints were changes on the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) and the Trail Making Test Part B (TMT-B). Secondary endpoints included balance (Berg Balance Scale, BBS) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data.</p> <p><bold>RESULTS:<italic> </italic></bold>Adaptive VR therapy resulted in statistically significant improvements in executive functions (a 37% reduction in TMT-B completion time, <italic>p</italic> &lt; 0.001, Cohen’s <italic>d</italic> = 1.32) and spatial coordination (BBS, <italic>p</italic> &lt; 0.001, <italic>d</italic> = 1.25). Resting-state fMRI showed increased BOLD signal and enhanced functional connectivity in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and hippocampus (<italic>p</italic><italic><sub>FWE</sub></italic> &lt; 0.05).</p> <p><bold>CONCLUSION:<italic> </italic></bold>This methodology shows high potential for personalized neurorehabilitation, improving treatment adherence in military personnel. Further multicenter studies are required to confirm long-term effects.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Обоснование. </bold>Актуальность настоящего исследования определяется неуклонным ростом числа военнослужащих, получивших минно-взрывные и осколочные черепно-мозговые травмы. Последствия таких травм характеризуются комплексом когнитивных, моторных и психоэмоциональных нарушений, терапия которых традиционными методами осложняется быстрым истощением внимания пациентов и низкой экологической валидностью кабинетных тренировок. В статье представлено клинико-инструментальное исследование эффективности интеграции технологий виртуальной (VR) и дополненной (AR) реальности в процесс восстановления комбатантов. Разработана и клинически апробирована специализированная система VR-сценариев, адаптированная к когнитивному профилю пациентов. Особенностью системы является алгоритм динамической коррекции сложности среды на основе непрерывного биометрического мониторинга.</p> <p><bold>Цель исследования. </bold>Оценить клиническую и нейробиологическую эффективность применения адаптивных технологий VR/AR в восстановлении когнитивных и локомоторных функций у военнослужащих с последствиями черепно-мозговых травм.</p> <p><bold>Методы. </bold>В рамках простого слепого рандомизированного контролируемого испытания (<italic>n</italic>=86) опробован 6-недельный курс нейрореабилитации. Первичными конечными точками выступали изменения по Монреальской шкале оценки когнитивных функций (MoCA) и тесту Trail Making Test Part B (TMT-B; Тест прокладывания пути, часть B). Вторичными — показатели баланса (Berg Balance Scale) и данные функциональной магнитно-резонансной томографии.</p> <p><bold>Результаты. </bold>Применение адаптивной VR-терапии способствовало статистически значимому улучшению управляющих функций мозга (сокращение времени выполнения Trail Making Test Part B на 37%, <italic>p</italic> &lt; 0,001, <italic>d</italic> Коэна=1,32) и пространственной координации (Berg Balance Scale, <italic>p</italic> &lt; 0,001, <italic>d</italic>=1,25). По данным функциональной магнитно-резонансной томографии покоя зафиксировано повышение BOLD-сигнала и усиление функциональной коннективности в дорсолатеральной префронтальной коре и гиппокампе (<italic>p</italic><sub>FWE</sub> &lt; 0,05).</p> <p><bold>Заключение. </bold>Разработанная методология демонстрирует высокий потенциал для персонализированной нейрореабилитации, способствуя повышению приверженности лечению военнослужащих. Требуются дальнейшие многоцентровые исследования для подтверждения долгосрочных эффектов.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>neurorehabilitation</kwd><kwd>traumatic brain injury</kwd><kwd>virtual reality</kwd><kwd>augmented reality</kwd><kwd>military personnel</kwd><kwd>cognitive functions</kwd><kwd>biometric monitoring</kwd><kwd>neuroplasticity</kwd><kwd>functional MRI</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>нейрореабилитация</kwd><kwd>черепно-мозговая травма</kwd><kwd>виртуальная реальность</kwd><kwd>дополненная реальность</kwd><kwd>военнослужащие</kwd><kwd>когнитивные функции</kwd><kwd>биометрический мониторинг</kwd><kwd>нейропластичность</kwd><kwd>функциональная МРТ</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Botvinieva VN, Lykova AV, Suleymanova SA, et al. Analysis of the effects of brain injury resulting from mine blast wounds: a literature review. 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