Professional competencies in psychiatry: challenges and opportunities of the higher education system

Abstract

The article is devoted to the formation and development of professionally significant competencies in the field of medical education, with their subsequent application in professional activities, as well as the formation of a professionally oriented worldview in the field of higher education. The main classifications of the competencies of a psychiatrist, the role of theoretical and practical training, methods of forming a professional worldview are considered.

Full Text

1 Nosyrev E.A., 1 Savchenko O.A.
1 Military Medical Academy named after S.M. Kirov

Professionally significant competencies formed during the training of a psychiatrist. Formation of a professionally oriented worldview at the university

Annotation. The article is devoted to the formation and development of professionally significant competencies in the field of medical education, with their subsequent application in professional activities, as well as the formation of a professionally oriented worldview in the field of higher education. The main classifications of the competencies of a psychiatrist, the role of theoretical and practical training, methods of forming a professional worldview are considered. 
Keywords: professionally oriented worldview, competence of a psychiatrist, higher education.

1E.A. Nosyrev, 1 O.A.Savchenko 
1Military Medical Academy named after S.M. Kirov

Professionally significant competencies in the training of a psychiatrist. formation of a professionally directed worldview at the university.
Abstract: The article is devoted to the formation and development of professionally significant competencies in the field of medical education, with their subsequent application in professional activities, as well as the formation of a professionally oriented worldview in the field of higher education. The main classifications of the competencies of a psychiatrist, the role of theoretical and practical training, methods of forming a professional worldview are considered.
Key words: a professionally oriented worldview, the competence of a psychiatrist, higher education.

introduction
Professional competencies are a set of knowledge, skills, abilities and qualities necessary for the successful performance of a specific job in a position. They are specific to the role and field of activity and include manual skills, for example, surgery, palpation. Professional competencies have a close connection with professional activity and higher education. According to statistics, 85% of students who have mastered them become more successful in their professional activities, 10% note small changes and only 5% do not attach any importance to acquired competencies.
Modern society is faced with a growing prevalence of mental disorders, which causes an urgent need for highly qualified specialists — psychiatrists. Effective care for patients suffering from mental illness requires doctors not only deep theoretical knowledge, but also a wide range of professional competencies, including diagnostic, therapeutic, communication and ethical skills. The quality of training for future psychiatrists directly affects the effectiveness of the healthcare system as a whole and the well-being of the population. Therefore, the analysis of professionally significant competencies and the mechanisms of their formation in the process of studying at a higher educational institution is an extremely urgent task.

This paper is devoted to the study of the key competencies required by a psychiatrist and the analysis of the role of the university in the formation of a professionally oriented worldview of future specialists. The paper will consider existing approaches to training, analyze the effectiveness of various educational methods, and identify problems and prospects for improving the training system for psychiatrists. The purpose of the work is to determine the optimal strategies for the formation of the necessary competencies to ensure high quality psychiatric care.

Professionally significant competencies of a psychiatrist
The professional activity of a psychiatrist is characterized by high complexity and versatility, requiring a wide range of competencies from a specialist, which can be classified according to various criteria. In this paper, I have considered the competencies required by a psychiatrist in terms of the following categories: general medical, specialized, communicative, ethical, and self-regulation competencies.
- General medical competencies are a set of knowledge, skills and personal qualities of a doctor necessary to provide high—quality and safe medical care, regardless of specialization. They cover the fundamental principles of medicine, the ability to think critically, teamwork, communication with patients and colleagues, as well as ethical and legal aspects of medical practice. These competencies provide the basis for further professional development and specialization. A psychiatrist, first of all, is a doctor, therefore, possession of basic general medical knowledge and skills is fundamental. Such competencies include:
1. Diagnosis and treatment of somatic diseases - the ability to recognize and provide first aid for somatic pathology, the ability to interpret the results of laboratory and instrumental studies. Mental disorders often accompany somatic diseases, and a psychiatrist should be able to differentiate their symptoms.
2. Pharmacology - in-depth knowledge of psychotropic drugs, their mechanisms of action, indications, contraindications, side effects, as well as the ability to prescribe and adjust drug therapy taking into account the individual characteristics of the patient.
3. Fundamentals of medical statistics and epidemiology - the ability to analyze medical information, interpret statistical data, assess the prevalence of mental illness and the effectiveness of therapeutic measures.
- Specialized competencies are knowledge, skills and abilities directly related to psychiatric practice. They go beyond general medical competencies and include a deep understanding of the pathophysiology, diagnosis, treatment and prevention of diseases specific to this field of medicine. Specialized competencies allow a doctor to effectively solve problems related to his specific field of activity and provide high-quality specialized medical care. 
1. Diagnosis of mental disorders: knowledge of modern diagnostic methods, the ability to conduct a psychiatric examination, interpret the clinical picture, diagnose in accordance with international classifications (ICD-11, DSM-5).
2. Treatment of mental disorders: knowledge of various treatment methods (drug therapy, psychotherapy, rehabilitation), the ability to develop individual plans to monitor the effectiveness of therapy and adjust it if necessary.
3. Psychotherapy: mastery of various psychotherapeutic techniques (cognitive behavioral therapy, psychoanalysis, other approaches), the ability to establish therapeutic relationships with the patient, to help him solve his problems.
4. Working with patients' families: the ability to involve the family in the process of treatment and rehabilitation, to train family members in patient care skills, to help them cope with difficulties related to the mental illness of a loved one.
- Communicative competencies are the ability to effectively communicate and interact with other people using verbal and non—verbal means. This includes the ability to express your thoughts clearly and clearly, actively listen and understand the interlocutor, take into account his point of view, build productive relationships and resolve conflicts. Communicative competencies are necessary in all areas of life, including professional activities, interpersonal relationships and social life. Successful work of a psychiatrist is impossible without effective communication:
1. Empathy: the ability to understand and share the feelings of the patient, to empathize with his suffering.
2. Active listening: the ability to listen carefully to the patient, without interrupting him, to ask clarifying questions.
3. Establishing contact with the patient: the ability to build a trusting relationship with the patient, create a safe and comfortable atmosphere for communication.
4. Teamwork: the ability to effectively interact with other specialists (therapists, neurologists, social workers, etc.).
- Ethical and deontological competencies are the ability of a doctor to act in accordance with professional ethical principles and norms of medical deontology. This includes understanding and abiding by ethical codes, respecting the rights and dignity of patients, making informed decisions in difficult ethical situations, ensuring the confidentiality of patient information, as well as responsibility for their actions and decisions. These competencies guarantee humane and fair treatment of patients, as well as maintaining trust in the medical profession. The work of a psychiatrist is associated with a high degree of responsibility and requires impeccable compliance with ethical standards:
1. Compliance with professional ethics: knowledge and compliance with the Code of medical ethics, respect for the rights and dignity of the patient.
2. Confidentiality: ensuring the confidentiality of patient information.
3. Dealing with ethical dilemmas: the ability to make decisions in difficult ethical situations, knowledge of the legislation governing the activities of psychiatrists.
- Competencies related to self—regulation are the ability to manage one's emotional state, behavior and cognitive processes. This includes: self-control (the ability to restrain impulsive actions and emotions), self-motivation (the ability to set goals and achieve them despite difficulties), self-esteem (realistic perception of one's strengths and weaknesses), self-efficacy (confidence in one's abilities to cope with tasks), adaptability (the ability to adapt to changing conditions and circumstances), stress management (the ability to effectively cope with stressful situations). These competencies are important for maintaining mental health, achieving success in professional activities and building harmonious relationships.
1. Stress resistance: the ability to cope with emotional stress, maintain mental health.